Concept note Slotted ring is a token based protocol where a special token circulates in the network, and the node that holds the token can transmit data. This is a token based access control method.
Concept note OSI stands for 'Open System Interconnection'. It is a seven layers in ISO-OSI reference model is Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical layer. Each layer uses a protocol to perform its designated function, for exa - the data link layer uses error detection protocols for error control functions.
Correct answer: data link layer and bit synchronization
Concept note One of the main functionality of network layer is routing. So, option (a) is correct. Bit synchronization is always handled by physical layer of OSI model but not data link layer so, option (b) is incorrect. End to End process communication is handled by transport layer so, option (c) is correct. MAC sub layer have 3 types of protocols (Random, Controlled and channelized Access).
Concept note In asynchronous transmission mode, start bit and stop bit is always required whereas in asynchronous mode these bits are not required. So for this connection total number of bits in a character = 7 data bits + 1 parity bit + 1 start bit + 1 stop bit = 10 bits Bandwidth = 19.2 kbps number of characters transmitted in 1 second
= (19.2 * 1000)/ 10 = 1920.
Concept note Secure Socket Layer is networking protocol used at transport layer to provide secure connection between client and server over internet. It places itself as and application layer protocol in the TCP/IP reference model and as presentation layer protocol in the OSI model.
Correct answer: finding the MAC address that corresponds to an IP address
Concept note The address resolution protocol (ARP) is a protocol used by the Internet Protocol (IP) specifically IPv4, to map IP network addresses to the hardware addresses used by a data link protocol. So the option (d) is correct.
Concept note In a full duplex crosspoint switch with no self connections the number of crosspoints required for 10 lines can be calculated using the formula.
(
)
×
−
n n
1
=
Number of crosspoints
2
Where n is the number of lines For n = 10
(
)
×
−
10
10 1
=
Number of crosspoints
= 45
2
Thus, 45 crosspoints are needed for a full - duplex switch with 10 lines and no self - connections.
Concept note To determine the minimum number of bits required to represent all the symbols using Huffman's coding, we need to build a Huffman tree based on the given probabilities. Now, construct the Huffman tree: (i) Combine the smallest probabilities (C and B):
0.1 + 0.15 = 0.25
(ii) Combine this new node with the next smallest probability (E):
0.25 + 0.2 = 0.45
(iii) Combine this new node with the next smallest probability (D): `
0.45 + 0.25 = 0.7
(iv) Finally, combine this new node with the remaining probability (A):
0.7 + 0.3 = 1.0
Now, Assign codes to each symbol: Calculate the total number of bits: ∑ Probabilityof symbol × Length of code
Total Bits =
i
= 0.3 × 1 + 0.15 × 4 + 0.1 × 4 + 0.25 × 2 +
0.2 × 3
= 0.3 + 0.6 + 0.4+ 0.5 + 0.6
= 2.4
Since there are 5 symbols, multiply by the total number of symbols to get:
Minimum Total Bits = 2.4 × 5
= 12
Correct answer: a network access standard for connecting stations to a circuit switch network
Concept note X.21 is an ITU-T standard that defines a network access interface for connecting data terminal equipment
(DTE)
and data circuit terminating equipment (DCE) to a circuit switched network. It is primarily used in synchronous data transmission environments.
Correct answer: net marketplaces and private industrial networks
Concept note The two main types of internet based B2B Commerce are not market places and private industrial
networks-
B2B stands for business to business, which is the exchanges of products, services, or information between businesses.
B2B
commerce differs from
B2C
commerce, which is business to consumer commerce.
Concept note The Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer resides in the data link layer of the open systems interconnection (OSI) model. The Data Link Layer is layer 2 of the OSI model. It ensures that data is sent to the correct device on a local network segment. The MAC sublayer is responsible for managing access and permissions for transmitting data between devices.
Concept note The Tower of Hanoi is not a backtracking algorithm, but rather a recursion problem. Backtracking algorithms incrementally build a solution and abandon a path if it won't lead to a solution. The Tower of Hanoi however is a classic problem that's typically using recursive algorithms.
Concept note A queue data structure is useful in traversing a given graph by breadth first search because it maintains the order in which the vertices are visited it easy to visit all the vertices at the same level before moving to the next level.
Concept note Divide and conquer quicksort algorithm uses divide and conquer technique, because it solves the problem by recursively dividing the problem into parts, until problem becomes trival.
Concept note To merge two sorted lists of size m and n you need to compare elements from both lists and place them in the merged list. In the worst case, every element from both lists will need to be compared once, leading to a total of m + n comparisons. Hence the time complexity is O(m + n).
Computer GkEnglishUPPSC LT Grade Computer Practice Set-1
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