Concept note A cut vertex is a vertex whose removal increases the number of connected components in the graph. In the given graph vertex B and C are cut vertices since the removal of vertix B (or C) along with its associated edges makes the graph disconnected.
Concept note Spyware is a type of malicious software that can install itself on a computer and gather information about a user's online activity. This information can include keystrokes, screenshots, email addresses and other personal inforamation. Spyware is often included in freeware apps that are downloaded from the internet.
Concept note A portion of a polymorphic virus that creates a random encryption key to encrypt the remainder of the virus is generally called a mutation engine. The mutation engine is responsible for generating the random encryption key, which helps the virus evade detection by altering its code each time it replicates.
Concept note SSID stands for Service Set Identifier. It is the name assigned to a Wi-Fi network, allowing users to identify and connect to it essentially, it's the network's identifier that appears when you search for available Wi-Fi connections on your device.
Concept note The 8086 microprocessor has a 16 bit data bus, meaning it has 16 data lines, not 8. The other processors listed, 8085, 8088 and z80 all have an 8-bit data bus with 8 data lines.
Concept note To determines the number of bits needed to access any single byte in a memory, calculate the total number of address and then find the number of bits required to represent those address-
1 MB = 220 bytes
1 KB = 1024 bytes
32 MB = 32 × 220 bytes
= 25 × 220 bytes
= 225 bytes
Since each byte can be accessed uniquely, we need 25 bits to address each byte in the 32 MB memory.
Concept note To determine the number of bits needed to address a single word in memory. We need to calculate the total number of words in the memory.
1 MB = 220 bytes
128 MB = 128 × 220 bytes
= 27 × 220 bytes
= 227 bytes
Each word is 8 bytes, the total number of words is
= 227 bytes/8 bytes/ word
= 227 bytes/23 bytes
= 224 words
Since each word can be accessed uniquely We need 24 bits to address each word in the 128 MB memory.
Concept note Parallelism is achieved when multiple processors or processing units work together simultaneously to perform multiple tasks or operations. The minimum number of processors required to achieve parallelism is 2, as this allows for the simultaneous execution of at least two tasks or threads. If a single processor, only one task can be executed at a time, and parallelism is not possible. So, having at least two processors is essential to achieve parallelism.
Concept note Capacity of the disk = 16 × 128 × 256 × 512
bytes/sector
= 268,435,456 bytes
= 268.435 MB (approximately)
= 256 MB (rounded to nearest power of 2) To calculate number of bits required to access a sector, we need to know total number of sectors. Total number of sectors = 16 × 128 × 256 = 219. So the number of bits required to access a sector is 19.
Concept note Registers are small high speed memory locations with in the Central Processing Unit that store data temporarily while it is being processed. So the option (d) false regarding to registers.
Correct answer: decremented first during push operation
Concept note In a register based stack the stack pointer (SP) typically points to the top of the stack. During the push operation, you first decrement the stack pointer (since the stack grows towards lower memory addresses), and then you store the value at the memory location pointed to by the stack pointer. Similarly, for the pop operation you first access the value at the location pointed to by the stack pointer and then increment the stack pointer.
Concept note Zero address instructions is a stack based architecture, where operations implicity employ the top items of the stack, zero address instruction are commonly used. In a zero address instruction architecture, the stack is used to store operands and instructions operate on the top elements of the stack.
Concept note Switching between supervisor mode (also known as kernel mode) and user mode is typically done using a software interrupt, also known as a trap or exception. Software interrupts can be used to trigger a context switch, which involves saving the current state of the processor and switching to a different mode.
Concept note A micro program counter (MPC) is a register that keeps track of the current microinstruction being executed in a micro programmed control unit. The MPC is used to read control words sequentially from the control memory.
Concept note PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) is a project manager technique used to track and manage tasks when the estimation of task time is uncertain. PERT is particularly useful for projects with complex and uncertain task durations.
Concept note Rapid Application Development (RAD) a system design approach that utilizes structured, prototying and JAD techniques to quickly develop system participative development among system owners, users, designers and builders.
Concept note The Z-buffer algorithm is the most commonly used hidden surface removal algorithm and is well suited for dealing with non-polygonal, non plannar surface patches.
Concept note Raster images are also known as bitmap images. They consist of a matrix or grid of pixels. Each pixel is the smallest unit of pixels. Each pixels is smallest unit of an image, arranged in rows and columns, with a specific position and color value. Raster images are often used in graphics and high quality photographs.
Concept note A scaling transformation is a type of geometric transformation that changes the size of an object, making it larger or smaller. Scaling transformations can be uniform, where the object is scaled equally in all directions, or non-uniform, where the object is scaled differently in different directions.
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01
General practice
Topic-wise questions and study coverage will appear here.
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